Natural Sciences
How can humans understand the natural world? What is really there? How does it move? What are matter, energy, space, time, and light? What is life and how does it evolve? At St. John’s, students study physics, biology, and chemistry through books and experiments that help them face these difficult, basic questions and to see how they might be answered. The program ranges widely to explore quantum physics, relativity, and contemporary molecular biology.
Reading List
Archimedes “On the Equilibrium of Planes,” “On Floating Bodies”
Aristotle Poetics, Physics, Metaphysics, Nicomachaen Ethics, On Generation and Corruption, Politics, Parts of Animals, Generation of Animals
Amedeo Avogadro "Essay on a Manner of Determining the Relative Masses of the Elementary Molecules of Bodies”
Claude Berthollet “Excerpt from Essai de Statique Chimique”
Joseph Black “Extracts from Lectures on the Elements of Chemistry”
Stanislao Cannizzaro “Letter to Professor S. De Luca”
John Dalton “Extracts from A New System of Chemical Philosophy”
Hans Driesch “The Science and Philosophy of the Organism”
Euclid Elements
Daniel Fahrenheit “The Fahrenheit Scale”
Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac “On the Expansion of Gases by Heat,” “Memoir on the Combination of Gaseous Substances with Each Other”
William Harvey Motion of the Heart and Blood
Antoine Lavoisier Elements of Chemistry
Lucretius On the Nature of Things
Edme Mariotte Essays
Dmitri Mendeleev “The Periodic Law of the Chemical Elements”
Nicomachus Arithmetic
Blaise Pascal Treatise on the Equilibrium of Liquids
J.L. Proust “Excerpt from Sur Les Oxidations Metalliques”
Ptolemy Almagest
Hans Spemann “The Organizer-Effect in Embryonic Development” (Nobel Lecture 1935), “Embryonic Development and Induction”
J. J. Thomson “Extracts from System of Chemistry”
Rudolf Virchow “Cellular Pathology Lectures”
Apollonius Conics
Aristotle De Anima, On Interpretation, Prior Analytics, Categories
Francis Bacon Novum Organum
Nicolaus Copernicus On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres
René Descartes Geometry, Discourse on Method
Johannes Kepler Astronomia Nova
Blaise Pascal Generation of Conic Sections
Ptolemy Almagest
François Viète Introduction to the Analytical Art
André-Marie Ampère Essays
Daniel Bernoulli “On the Vibrating String”
Charles-Augustin de Coulomb “Excerpts from Coulomb’s Mémoires sur l’électricité et le magnétisme”
Richard Dedekind Essay on the Theory of Numbers
René Descartes Meditations, Rules for the Direction of the Mind
Leonhard Euler “Remarks on the Preceding Papers by Mr. Bernoulli”
Michael Faraday “Experimental Researches in Electricity”
Benjamin Franklin “Excerpt from several letters to Peter Collinson on the nature of electricity”
Galileo Galilei Two New Sciences
William Gilbert “De Magnete”
David Hume Treatise on Human Nature
Christiaan Huygens Treatise on Light, On the Movement of Bodies by Impact
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Monadology, Discourse on Metaphysics, Principles of Nature and Grace, Essays
James Clerk Maxwell “On Faraday’s Lines of Force.” “On Physical Lines of Force,” “A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field”
Isaac Newton Principia Mathematica
Jean-Antoine Nollet “Observations on Several New Electrical Phenomena”
Hans Christian Ørsted “Experiments concerning the efficacy of electric conflict on the magnetic needle”
Brook Taylor “On the motion of the stretched string”
Alessandro Volta “On the Electricity excited by the mere contact of conducting substances of different kinds”
Thomas Young “On the Nature of Light and Colors”
Niels Bohr “On the Spectrum of Hydrogen”
Theodor Boveri Essays
Louisde Broglie “Matter Waves”
Charles Darwin Origin of Species
Albert Einstein “Relativity,” “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies,” “On the Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of Light,” “The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity,” “Does the Inertia of a Body Depend upon its Energy Content?”
Michael Faraday “On the Absolute Quantity of Electricity Associated with the Particles or Atoms of Matter”
François Jacob & Jacques Monod Essays
George Beadle & Edward Tatum Essays
G. H. Hardy “Mendelian Proportions in a Mixed Population”
Georg Hegel Phenomenology of Mind
Werner Karl Heisenberg “Critique of the Physical Concepts of the Particle Picture”
Edmund Husserl The Crisis of the European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology
James Watson & Francis Crick Essays
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck “Zoological Philosophy”
Nikolai Lobachevsky Theory of Parallels
Gregor Mendel “Experiments with Plant Hybridization”
Robert Andrews Millikan “The Electron”
Hermann Minkowski “Space and Time”
Thomas Morgan “Evolution and Genetics,” “The Chromosomes and Mendel's Two Laws,” “The Linkage Groups and the Chromosomes,” “Sex-Linked Inheritance,” “Crossing-Over”
Max Planck “The Quantum Hypothesis”
Ernest Rutherford “The Scattering of α & β Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom”
Erwin Schrödinger “Four Lectures of Wave Mechanics—First Lecture”
Joel Sussman Essays
Walter Sutton Essays
J. J. Thomson “Cathode Rays”
Albert Einstein Essays
Richard Feynman QED
Georg Hegel Philosophy of Nature
Konrad Lorenz Studies in Animal and Human Behavior
Bertrand Russell An Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy
Computation
Computing Technology and Human Society
Neuroscience Mathematics and Natural Science
The information presented is for illustration purposes only and may not reflect the current reading list and preceptorial and study group offerings. Works listed are studied at one or both campuses, although not always in their entirety.